Evaluation of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel loaded macrophages for glioblastoma treatment based on a microfluidic chip.

Introduction: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain malignancy with a dismal prognosis and remains incurable at present. In this study, macrophages (MΦ) were developed to carry nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-PTX) to form nab-PTX/MΦ. The aim of this study is to use a GBM-on-a-chip to evaluate the anti-GBM effects of nab-PTX/MΦ. Methods: In this study, we constructed nab-PTX/MΦ by incubating live MΦ with nab-PTX. We developed a microfluidic chip to co-culture GBM cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, mimicking the simplified blood-brain barrier and GBM. Using a syringe pump, we perform sustainable perfusion of nutrient media. To evaluate the anti-GBM effects nab-PTX/MΦ, we treated the GBM-on-a-chip model with nab-PTX/MΦ and investigated GBM cell proliferation, migration, and spheroid formation. Results: At the chosen concentration, nab-PTX did not significantly affect the viability, chemotaxis and migration of MΦ. The uptake of nab-PTX by MΦ occurred within 1 h of incubation and almost reached saturation at 6 h. Additionally, nab-PTX/MΦ exhibited the M1 phenotype, which inhibits tumor progression. Following phagocytosis, MΦ were able to release nab-PTX, and the release of nab-PTX by MΦ had nearly reached its limit at 48 h. Compared with control group and blank MΦ group, individual nab-PTX group and nab-PTX/MΦ group could inhibit tumor proliferation, invasion and spheroid formation. Meanwhile, the anti-GBM effect of nab-PTX/MΦ was more significant than nab-PTX. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that nab-PTX/MΦ has a significant anti-GBM effect compared to individual nab-PTX or MΦ administration, suggesting MΦ as potential drug delivery vectors for GBM therapy. Furthermore, the developed GBM-on-a-chip model provides a potential ex vivo platform for innovative cell-based therapies and tailored therapeutic strategies for GBM.

An Audio-Visual Speech Separation Model Inspired by Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Circuits.

Audio-visual approaches involving visual inputs have laid the foundation for recent progress in speech separation. However, the optimization of the concurrent usage of auditory and visual inputs is still an active research area. Inspired by the cortico-thalamo-cortical circuit, in which the sensory processing mechanisms of different modalities modulate one another via the non-lemniscal sensory thalamus, we propose a novel cortico-thalamo-cortical neural network (CTCNet) for audio-visual speech separation (AVSS). First, the CTCNet learns hierarchical auditory and visual representations in a bottom-up manner in separate auditory and visual subnetworks, mimicking the functions of the auditory and visual cortical areas. Then, inspired by the large number of connections between cortical regions and the thalamus, the model fuses the auditory and visual information in a thalamic subnetwork through top-down connections. Finally, the model transmits this fused information back to the auditory and visual subnetworks, and the above process is repeated several times. The results of experiments on three speech separation benchmark datasets show that CTCNet remarkably outperforms existing AVSS methods with considerably fewer parameters. These results suggest that mimicking the anatomical connectome of the mammalian brain has great potential for advancing the development of deep neural networks.

Identification and Molecular Mechanism of Novel Two-Way Immunomodulatory Peptides from Ovalbumin: In Vitro Cell Experiments, De Novo Sequencing, and Molecular Docking.

The purpose of this study was to identify ovalbumin-derived immunomodulatory peptides by in vitro cell experiments, de novo sequencing, and molecular docking. Ovalbumin hydrolysates were prepared by two enzymes (alkaline protease and papain) individually, sequentially, or simultaneously, respectively. The simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysate (OVAH) had a high degree of hydrolysis (38.12 ± 0.48%) and exhibited immune-enhancing and anti-inflammatory activities. A total of 160 peptides were identified by LC-MS/MS in OVAH. Three novel peptides NVMEERKIK, ADQARELINS, and WEKAFKDE bound to TLR4-MD2 through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with high binding affinity and binding energies of -181.40, -178.03, and -168.12 kcal/mol, respectively. These three peptides were synthesized and validated for two-way immunomodulatory activity. NVMEERKIK exhibiting the strongest immunomodulatory activity, increased NO and TNF-α levels by 128.69 and 38.01%, respectively, in normal RAW264.7 cells and reduced NO and TNF-α levels by 27.31 and 39.13%, respectively, in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory RAW264.7 cells. Overall, this study first revealed that ovalbumin could be used as an immunomodulatory source for controlling inflammatory factor secretion.

Broadband Room-Temperature Photodetection via InBiTe3 Nanosheet.

Broadband room-temperature photodetection has become a pressing need as application requirements for communication, imaging, spectroscopy, and sensing have evolved. Topological insulators (TIs) have narrow bandgap structures with a wide absorption spectral response range, which should meet the requirements of broadband detection. However, owing to their high carrier concentration and low carrier mobility resulting in poor noise equivalent power (NEP), they are generally considered unsuitable for photodetection. Here, InBiTe3 alloy nanosheet formed by doping In2Te3 into Bi2Te3(≈ 1:1) is utilized, effectively improving carrier mobility by over ten times while maintaining a narrow bandgap structure, to fabricate a broadband photodetector covering a wide response range from visible to millimeter wave (MMW). Under the synergistic multi-mechanism of the photoelectric effect in the visible-infrared region and the electromagnetic-induced potential well (EIW) effect in Terahertz band, the performance of NEP = 75 pW Hz-1/2 and response time τ ≈100 µs in visible to infrared band and the performance of NEP = 6.7 × 10-3 pW Hz-1/2, τ ≈8 µs in Terahertz region are achieved. The results demonstrate the promising prospects of topological insulator alloy (like InBiTe3) nanosheet in optoelectronic detection applications and provide a direction for the research into high-performance broadband photoelectric detectors via TIs.

Activation Mechanism of Fe2+ in Pyrrhotite Flotation: Microflotation and DFT Calculations.

In industrial manufacturing, pyrrhotite(Fe1-xS), once depressed, is commonly activated for flotation. However, the replacement of CuSO4 is necessary due to the need for exact control over the dosage during the activation of pyrrhotite, which can pose challenges in industrial settings. This research introduces the use of FeSO4 for the first time to efficiently activate pyrrhotite. The impact of two different activators on pyrrhotite was examined through microflotation experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Microflotation experiments confirmed that as the CuSO4 dosage increased from 0 to 8 × 10-4 mol/L, the recovery of pyrrhotite initially increased slightly from 71.27% to 87.65% but then sharply decreased to 16.47%. Conversely, when the FeSO4 dosage was increased from 0 to 8 × 10-4 mol/L, pyrrhotite's recovery rose from 71.27% to 82.37%. These results indicate a higher sensitivity of CuSO4 to dosage variations, suggesting that minor alterations in dosage can significantly impact its efficacy under certain experimental conditions. In contrast, FeSO4 might demonstrate reduced sensitivity to changes in dosage, leading to more consistent performance. Fe ions can chemically adsorb onto the surface of pyrrhotite (001), creating a stable chemical bond, thereby markedly activating pyrrhotite. The addition of butyl xanthate (BX), coupled with the action of Fe2+ on activated pyrrhotite, results in the formation of four Fe-S bonds on Fe2+. The proximity of their atomic distances contributes to the development of a stable double-chelate structure. The S 3p orbital on BX hybridizes with the Fe 3d orbital on pyrrhotite, but the hybrid effect of Fe2+ activation is stronger than that of nonactivation. In addition, the Fe-S bond formed by the addition of activated Fe2+ has a higher Mulliken population, more charge overlap, and stronger covalent bonds. Therefore, Fe2+ is an excellent, efficient, and stable pyrrhotite activator.

The NEDD8 activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 mitigates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely utilized chemotherapeutic agent in clinical oncology for treating various cancers. However, its clinical use is constrained by its significant side effects. Among these, the development of cardiomyopathy, characterized by cardiac remodeling and eventual heart failure, stands as a major concern following DOX chemotherapy. In our current investigation, we have showcased the efficacy of MLN4924 in mitigating doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through direct inhibition of the NEDD8-activating enzyme, NAE. MLN4924 demonstrated the ability to stabilize mitochondrial function post-doxorubicin treatment, diminish cardiomyocyte apoptosis, alleviate oxidative stress-induced damage in the myocardium, enhance cardiac contractile function, mitigate cardiac fibrosis, and impede cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. At the mechanistic level, MLN4924 intervened in the neddylation process by inhibiting the NEDD8 activating enzyme, NAE, within the murine cardiac tissue subsequent to doxorubicin treatment. This intervention resulted in the suppression of NEDD8 protein expression, reduction in neddylation activity, and consequential manifestation of cardioprotective effects. Collectively, our findings posit MLN4924 as a potential therapeutic avenue for mitigating doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by attenuating heightened neddylation activity through NAE inhibition, thereby offering a viable and promising treatment modality for afflicted patients.

Astragaloside IV ameliorates cisplatin-induced liver injury by modulating ferroptosis-dependent pathways.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The use of antineoplastic drugs, such as cisplatin, in clinical practice can cause adverse effects in patients, such as liver injury, which limits their long-term use. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies or drugs to minimize cisplatin-induced liver injury. Huangqi, the root of Astragalus membranaceus, is extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been employed in treating diverse liver injuries. Astragalus membranaceus contains several bioactive constituents, including triterpenoid saponins, one of which, astragaloside IV (ASIV), has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant stress properties. However, its potential in ameliorating cisplatin-induced liver injury has not been explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study was to examine the mechanism by which ASIV protects against cisplatin-induced liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study established a model of cisplatin-induced liver injury in mice, followed by treatment with various doses of astragaloside IV (40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg). In addition, a model of hepatocyte ferroptosis in AML-12 cells was established using RSL3. The mechanism of action of astragaloside IV was investigated using a range of methods, including Western blot assay, qPCR, immunofluorescence, histochemistry, molecular docking, and high-content imaging system. RESULTS: The findings suggested a significant improvement in hepatic injury, inflammation and oxidative stress phenotypes with the administration of ASIV. Furthermore, network pharmacological analyses provided evidence that a major pathway for ASIV to attenuate cisplatin-induced hepatic injury entailed the cell death cascade pathway. It was observed that ASIV effectively inhibited ferroptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Subsequent experimental outcomes provided further validation of ASIV's ability to hinder ferroptosis through the inhibition of PPARα/FSP1 signaling pathway. The current findings suggest that ASIV could function as a promising phytotherapy composition to alleviate cisplatin-induced liver injury. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that astragaloside IV could function as a promising phytotherapy composition to alleviate cisplatin-induced liver injury.

Advances in self-assembled nanotechnology in tumor therapy.

The emergence of nanotechnology has opened up a new way for tumor therapy. Among them, self-assembled nanotechnology has received extensive attention in medicine due to its simple preparation process, high drug-loading capacity, low toxicity, and low cost. This review mainly summarizes the preparation methods of self-assembled nano-delivery systems, as well as the self-assembled mechanism of carrier-free nanomedicine, polymer-carried nanomedicine, polypeptide, and metal drugs, and their applications in tumor therapy. In addition, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages, future challenges, and opportunities of these self-assembled nanomedicines, which provide important references for the development and application of self-assembled nanotechnology in the field of medical therapy.

Key points for protecting the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve in open thyroidectomy: A possible exploration technique.

OBJECTIVE: Injury of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) is easily overlooked in thyroidectomy, and voice changes caused by the injury have a negative effect on an increasing number of patients. This study aimed to reduce the injury rate of EBSLN by expanding the sternothyroid-laryngeal triangle and standardizing the exploration procedure. METHODS: A total of 520 patients who had undergone thyroidectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University between September 2021 and April 2022 were analyzed. During the operation, the exposure rate of the EBSLN before and after sternothyroid-laryngeal triangle expansion was compared, and all EBSLNs were anatomically classified. RESULTS: The exposure rate of EBSLN after sternothyroid-laryngeal triangle expansion reached 82.7%, which is much higher than that before sternothyroid-laryngeal triangle expansion (33.7%), and voice change caused by injury of the EBSLN was reported in one case (the injury rate was 0.2%). The classification and proportion of the EBSLN were as follows: Type 1 (55.3%), the nerve ran within 1 cm above the STP, but no coincidence or crossover with blood vessels was observed in this region; Type 2 (14.7%), the nerve travelled within 1 cm above the STP and overlapped or intersected with blood vessels in this region; Type 3 (12.7%), the EBSLN ran below the level of the STP; and Type 4 (17.3%), no EBSLN was observed within 1 cm above the STP. CONCLUSION: In thyroidectomy, injury to the EBSLN can be effectively reduced by expanding the sternothyroid-laryngeal triangle and exploring the upper pole area of the thyroid as far as possible, which has great clinical significance in reducing postoperative voice box injury.

A Polymer-Based Antigen Carrier Activates Two Innate Immune Pathways for Adjuvant-Free Subunit Vaccines.

The activation of multiple Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) has been demonstrated to trigger inflammatory responses and coordinate the host's adaptive immunity during pathogen infections. The use of PRR agonists as vaccine adjuvants has been reported to synergistically induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses. However, incorporating multiple PRR agonists as adjuvants increases the complexity of vaccine design and manufacturing. In this study, we discovered a polymer that can activate both the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. The polymer was then conjugated to protein antigens, creating an antigen delivery system for subunit vaccines. Without additional adjuvants, the antigen-polymer conjugates elicited strong antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, the antigen-polymer conjugates, containing the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike Protein or the Monkeypox Antigen M1R as the antigens, were found to induce potent antigen-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, and cytotoxic T cells. Immunization with M1R-polymer also resulted in effective protection in a lethal challenge model. In conclusion, this vaccine delivery platform offers an effective, safe, and simple strategy for inducing antigen-specific immunity against infectious diseases.

Analysis of Polarization Angle on Holographic Recording Based on PQ/PMMA.

The polarization state of light waves significantly affects the quality of holographic recordings. This paper quantitatively analyzes the impact of different polarization states of signal and reference beams on the quality of holographic recordings in PQ/PMMA photopolymer systems during the holography process. By deriving the light field distribution of the interference between two light waves of different polarization states and introducing the interference fringe contrast and the modulation of the refractive index of the photopolymer, we established the relationship between the diffraction efficiency of PQ/PMMA photopolymer holographic gratings and the angle between polarization directions. Based on this relationship, simulations and experiments were conducted. The experimental results demonstrated that as the angle between the polarization directions increased, the diffraction efficiency of the material decreased, with the efficiency dropping to 24.69% of its original value when the angle increased from 0° to 50°. When the angle increased to 60°, the influence of polarization characteristics became gradually significant, and at 90°, it was entirely dominated by polarization characteristics. The photoinduced birefringence properties of the PQ/PMMA prepared in the measurement experiment were studied, and the polarization characteristics of the reconstructed light under polarization direction angles of 0°, 60°, and 90° were investigated. The results indicated that at a polarization direction angle of 60 degrees, the material exhibited a significant response to the polarization information of the signal light. Finally, holographic recordings of objects at different polarization direction angles were conducted, and the reconstructed images were used to visually reflect the impact of the polarization direction angle on the quality of holographic recordings.

Genetic justification of COVID-19 patient outcomes using DERGA, a novel data ensemble refinement greedy algorithm.

Complement inhibition has shown promise in various disorders, including COVID-19. A prediction tool including complement genetic variants is vital. This study aims to identify crucial complement-related variants and determine an optimal pattern for accurate disease outcome prediction. Genetic data from 204 COVID-19 patients hospitalized between April 2020 and April 2021 at three referral centres were analysed using an artificial intelligence-based algorithm to predict disease outcome (ICU vs. non-ICU admission). A recently introduced alpha-index identified the 30 most predictive genetic variants. DERGA algorithm, which employs multiple classification algorithms, determined the optimal pattern of these key variants, resulting in 97% accuracy for predicting disease outcome. Individual variations ranged from 40 to 161 variants per patient, with 977 total variants detected. This study demonstrates the utility of alpha-index in ranking a substantial number of genetic variants. This approach enables the implementation of well-established classification algorithms that effectively determine the relevance of genetic variants in predicting outcomes with high accuracy.

Parameter-Free and Electron Counting Satisfied Material Representation for Machine Learning Potential Energy and Force Fields.

We proposed a parameter-free volume element representation that satisfies the electron counting model and obtains accurate machine learning potential energy and direct force fitting of randomly perturbed hexagonal BN. Our method preserves permutational, translational, and rotational invariance and can be extended to three-dimensional systems, verified by a system of bulk Si. As a result, we obtained 0.57 meV/atom potential energy root mean squared error (RMSE) and 59 meV/Å force RMSE for perturbed bulk BN systems and 0.43 meV/atom potential energy RMSE and 36 meV/Å force RMSE for perturbed Si systems. In addition, an unbiased perturbation-based data set construction scheme is introduced and a continuous population distribution is obtained with a training data set of 4500, which is about 1 order of magnitude smaller than standard methods based on first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and saves a large amount of computing resources. General validity of our model is verified by structure optimization, molecular dynamics simulations, and extrapolations.

Screening of Antagonistic Bacillus against Brown Rot in Dendrocalamus latiflorus and Preparation of Applying Bacterial Suspension.

The aim of this study was to isolate biocontrol bacteria that could antagonize brown rot of Dendrocalamus latiflorus, optimize the culture conditions, and develop an effective biocontrol preparation for brown rot of D. latiflorus. This study isolated a bacterium with an antagonistic effect on bamboo brown rot from healthy D. latiflorus rhizosphere soil. Morphology, molecular biology, and physiological biochemistry methods identified it as Bacillus siamensis. The following culturing media and conditions improved the inhibition effect of B. siamensis: the best culturing media were 2% sucrose, 1.5% yeast extract, and 0.7% potassium chloride; the optimal culturing time, temperature, pH, and inoculation amount were 48 h, 30℃, 6, and 20%. The optimum formula of the applying bacterial suspension was 14% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate emulsifier, 4% Na2HPO4·2H2O, 0.3% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thickener, and 20% B. siamensis. The pot experiment results showed the control effect of applying bacterial suspension, diluted 1,000 times is still better than that of 24% fenbuconazole suspension. The applying bacterial suspension enables reliable control of brown rot in D. latiflorus.

Porous rod-shaped Fe2O3/Ag/BP: a novel substrate for highly sensitive SERS detection of persistent organic pollutants.

A surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate of porous rod-shaped ferric oxide (Fe2O3) combined with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and black phosphorus (Fe2O3/Ag/BP) was fabricated to detect the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at low concentration. The organic pollutant Rhodamine 6G (R6G) was used as the probe molecule to study the performances of Fe2O3/Ag/BP, and 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB-3) was the target of detection. The limit of detection (LOD) of R6G based on this novel SERS substrate Fe2O3/Ag/BP was as low as 1.0 × 10-15M, which was five orders of magnitude lower than that of Fe2O3/Ag (10-10M). The enhancement factor (EF) of Fe2O3/Ag/BP was 6.44 × 108, which was 3.1 times higher than that of porous rod-shaped Fe2O3/Ag (2.08 × 108). The Raman signal of R6G based on Fe2O3/Ag/BP had a good homogeneity, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of Raman signal intensities of R6G at 1643 cm-1was only 5.97%. Furthermore, the Fe2O3/Ag/BP substrate exhibited a recyclability through the photocatalytic degradation of R6G. The LOD of PCB-3 based on Fe2O3/Ag/BP was 10-9M. Besides, Fe2O3/Ag/BP had a high SERS activity even it was kept in a centrifuge tube without requiring complicated treatment. These results highlight the potential application of Fe2O3/Ag/BP for ultra-trace detection of POPs in the environment.

High luminous efficiency and excellent thermal performance in rod-shaped YAG:Ce phosphor ceramics for laser lighting.

High power and high brightness laser lighting puts forward new requirements for phosphor converters such as high luminous efficiency, high thermal conductivity and high saturation threshold due to the severe thermal effect. The structure design of phosphor converters is proposed as what we believe to be a novel strategy for less heat production and more heat conduction. In this work, the rod-shaped YAG:Ce phosphor ceramics (PCs) and disc-shaped YAG:Ce PCs as control group were fabricated by the gel casting and vacuum sintering, to comparatively study the luminescence performance for LD lighting, on the premise that the total number of transverse Ce3+ ions and the volume of samples from two comparison groups were same. All rod YAG:Ce PCs with low Ce3+ concentration exhibited the high luminous efficiency and better thermal stability than YAG:Ce discs with high Ce3+ concentration. Under the laser power density of 47.8 W/mm2, the luminous saturation was never observed in all rod-shaped YAG:Ce PCs. The high luminous efficacy of 245∼274 lm/W, CRI of 56.3∼59.5 and CCT of 4509∼4478 K were achieved. More importantly, due to the extremely low Ce3+ doping concentration (0.01 at%), rod-shaped ceramics based LDs devices showed the excellent thermal performance and their surface temperatures were even below 30.5 °C surprisingly under the laser power density of 20.3 W·mm-2 (2 W). These results indicate that the rod shape of phosphor converter is a promising structure engineering for high power laser lighting.

High luminous efficiency and high saturation threshold in highly transparent LuAG:Ce phosphor ceramics for laser diodes lighting.

Lu3Al5O12:Ce (LuAG:Ce) phosphor ceramics (PCs) with the excellent thermal stability and high saturation threshold are considered as the best green-fluorescent converters for high-power laser diodes (LDs) lighting. In this study, the effects of sintering additives and sintering processes on the transmittance and microstructure of LuAG:Ce PCs were systematically studied, and the luminescence performance of ceramics with different transmittance was compared. LuAG:Ce PCs with the transmittance of 80% (@800 nm, 1.5 mm) were obtained by using 0.1 wt.% MgO and 0.5 wt.% TEOS as sintering additives, combined with optimized vacuum pre-sintering and hot isostatic pressing. Compared to the non-HIP samples, the transmittance had increased by 11%. The microstructure of ceramics indicated that high transparency was closely related to the decrease in intergranular pores. Notably, the luminous efficiency of 253 lm/W and its saturation thresholds of > 46 W/mm2 were obtained simultaneously in green-emitting LDs devices. Moreover, under 3W laser irradiation, highly transparent ceramics had the low surface temperature of 66.4 °C, indicating the good heat dissipation performance. The observed high luminous efficiency and high saturation threshold of LuAG:Ce PCs were attributed to fewer pores and oxygen vacancies. Therefore, this work proves that highly transparent LuAG:Ce PCs are promising green-fluorescent converters for high-power LDs lighting.

Role of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway on inhibiting activation of ChTLR15/ChNLRP3 inflammatory pathway stimulated by E. tenella sporozoites.

The aim of this study is to explore whether Nrf2 antioxidant pathway negatively regulates the ChTLR15/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway stimulated by Eimeria tenella infection. Firstly, levels of molecules in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in DF-1 cells pre-treated with an optimized dose of Corilagine or probiotics Levilactobacillus brevis 23017 were quantified using real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Then, DF-1 cells pre-treated with Corilagine or L. brevis 23017 were stimulated with E. tenella sporozoites, and mRNA levels of molecules in Nrf2/HO-1 and ChTLR15/NLRP3 pathways, protein levels of p-Nrf2, Nrf2, HO-1, ChTLR15 and ChNLRP3, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified. Further, expression level of Nrf2 and ChTLR15 in DF-1 cells was knocked down by RNA interfering (RNAi) method, and target cells were pre-treated with Corilagine or L. brevis 23017, followed by stimulation with E. tenella sporozoites, and the expression levels of key molecules in Nrf2/HO-1 and ChTLR15/NLRP3 pathways were quantified. The results showed that mRNA and protein levels of key molecules in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in DF-1 cells was significantly upregulated after pretreating with 15 µM Corilagine and supernatant of L. brevis 23017. After stimulating with E. tenella sporozoites, levels of molecules in the ChTLR15/NLRP3 pathway, levels of MDA and ROS in DF-1 cells pre-treated with 15 µM Corilagine or bacterial supernatant were all significantly down-regulated. The results from the knock-down experiment also displayed that Corrigine and L. brevis 23017 inhibited the activation of the ChTLR15/ChNLRP3 inflammatory pathway stimulated by E. tenella sporozoites through activating Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway. This study provides new ideas for the development of novel anticoccidial products.

Development of new matrix reference materials for quantitative urine analysis in drug tests.

Accurate quantitative analyses require standardized methods to control and improve the analytical process in the laboratory. The availability of urine reference materials (RMs) may offer a feasible option to improve the accuracy of urine analysis and to control matrix effects. This paper presents the complete process of the development of matrix RMs in urine, including sample preparation, homogeneity, and stability studies, as well as uncertainty assessment. A freeze-drying process was developed, and freeze-dried human and pig urine samples were prepared and verified to have comparable homogeneity to liquid samples and higher stability than liquid human, pig, and artificial urine samples at 4℃ or room temperature and under extreme conditions. A total of 21 authentic urine samples from August 2022 were measured with freeze-dried RMs and spiked urine samples, and the reliability of the quantification of the RMs was compared. The freeze-dried human urine matrix RM appeared to be an excellent tool for daily quality control, as it showed high stability and gave the most consistent results with spiked samples.

OTX1 regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis in glioma.

The most prevalent kind of primary brain tumors, gliomas, have a dismal prognosis. Recent advances in the tumor-promoting ability of OTX1 have drawn increasing attention. The overexpression of OTX1 has been reported to be associated with tumor-promoting effects in several malignancies, but its expression in gliomas is unknown. The oncogene OTX1 is increased in gliomas and is linked to a poor prognosis, as we show here. The degree of OTX1 positive expression is doubtlessly concomitant with the grade of glioma. We observed that OTX1 was up-regulated in gliomas, influenced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), encouraged glioma cell growth and proliferation, and was linked to a poor clinical outcome for patients. At present, the prognosis of glioma is still not optimistic, and further research is needed to find a new target for treatment. According to our research, OTX1 is anticipated to emerge as a novel biological target for determining glioma prognosis and treatment.